Waa maxay Network ?Fahan kooban oo ku saabsan Networking iyo...

Waxa aan ku bilaabaya marka waxa uu network yahay iyo networking waa laba eray kala duwan macnahooda.

Waa maxay network am networking? Haddii aad maqashid erayga network macanihiisa dhan waxa uu ku saab san yahay isku xirid. Haddii computer-kaada aad ku xireesid internet-ka si aad u booqatid website-yada aad jeceshay sida wararka inaad ka aqrisid intaba waxa aad isticmaaleesaa waa network. Networking-nne waa sida ay qablayada sida computer-ada, router-ada, ama qalabka networking ay muuqaal ahaan iskugu xir-xiranyihiin. Tusaale ahaan printer sharing ama qeybsashada hal printer oo ku xiran network-ga kaasoo ay qofkasta oo kuxiran network-ga oo printerka kuxiran ay daabacan karaan documents, files, iyo wixii lamida.

Marka a network waa habka isku xirida kombuyuutarada, printer-ada, server-ad, iyo dhammaan qalabyada networking-ka si ay usameeyaan xiriir ay iskula hadli karaan dhexdooda iskune weydaarsan karaan faaylasha..

Haddane waxaa aan ka hadli doonaa qalabayada inta badan loo isticmaalo networking-ka sida waa maxay hub, bridge, router, switch, iyo shaqooyinka ay qabtaan.

HUB: Waa aalad networking-ka oo hadda aanan aad loo isticmaalin balse waagii hore aad loo isticmaali jiray. HUB-ka waxa loogu talo galay in qalbayada networking sida computer-ada iyo server-ka lagu xiro kadibne uu ufududeeyo inay wada xariiraan. Shaqada HUB-ka uu qabto waxaa kamid tusaale haddii aan sawirka hoose usoo qaadano:

Sawirka waa inoo muuqda 4 computer oo kiiba uu HUB-ka dhinac uga xiranyahay. PC1 ilaa PC4 midba waxa HUB-ka uga xiranyahay Port-ga ama godka ku lanbarka ah, sida PC1 HUB-ka waxa uu uga xiranyahay port 1, PC2 port 2 PC3 iyo PC4 sidoo kale, 3 iyo 4 ay HUB-ka uga xiranyihiin sida ay ukala horeeyaan.

Shaqada HUB-ka uuqabanaayo waa haddii PC1 uu fariin udiro PC3, fariintaas waa inay HUB-ka ay sii martaa kadibne PC3. Laakiin waa maxay sida HUB-ka ku ogaanaayo in ay fariin soo gaartay? PC1 waxa diraa waxaa nooc fariin loo yaqaano broadcast, kadibne HUB-ka waxa ay uga soo dhacee port 1 uu PC1 kaga xiranyahay. HUB-ka markuu fariinta kasoo gaarto Port 1 waxa uu fariinta ubadalaa wax loo qayaano (bits) ama zero iyo ones- kadibne waxa uu fariinta kaxawilaa dhamaan ports-ga am godadka asiga ay xiranyihiin computer-ada kale fariintii uusoo PC1 uu uwada xawilaa balse fariintaas kuma celinaayo PC1. Fariinta Port-1 ay kasoo gashay isla port 1 hadane uma celinaayo fariinta laakin Port 2,3,4 wuu usuu xawilaa fariintii PC1 soo diray? Ogoow hee PC1 fariinta waxa uu waday waxaa waaye PC2 uma uusan wadin PC2 iyo PC4. Sababta waxa waaye HUB-ka malahan caqli uu ku ogaado fariinta meesha ay ku soco, malahan maskax uu ku kala saaro yaa soo diray yaase loo diraa ee kaliya fariintuu helo kuli wuu uwada xawilaa marka laga reebo meesha ay fariinta katimid.

HUB-ka waxaa loo yaqaanaa (one collision domain) oo macnaheeda yahay computer-ada kuwada xirin HUB-ka haddii mid kamida uu rabo inuu wax u xawilo midkale, inta uusan xawilin waxa uusameenaa waxa uu dhageesanaa in computer-kale uu wax diraayo iyo inkale. Waayo qaabka ay HUB-ka ugu xiran yihiin waxaa looyaqaanaa “shared network” oo ah kaliya hal computer ayaa halkii mar ba wax diri kara. PC1 haddii uu inta uu dhageesto uu dareemo in ay san PC2,3,4 ay san hadda istic maaleenin fiilooyinka markaas ayuu diri karaa fariintii uu rabay inuu diro. Laakiin tusaale haddii PC1 iyp PC2 ay inta wada dhageestaan fiilooyinka ay go aan sadaan inaa cidkale isticmaaleenin ay halmar soo wada diraan waxaa ka dhacaayo wax loo yaqaano “Collision domain” taasoo sababeeso inay PC1 iyo PC2 ay dib usoo diraan hadane. Fikirkaan waxaa loo yaqaanaa “CSMA/CD” Carrier sense multiple access collision detection. Broadcast domain, waa Haddii hal PC uu fariin diro ay inta kuwada xiran HUB-ka ay fariintaas arkaayaan ama helaayaan.

BRIDE: Bridge waxaa loo isticmaalaa inuu kala qeybiyo networks-ka. Tusaale ahaan haddii uu bridge ka leeyhay laba god, midkasta uu hub kaga dhaganyahay, bridge-ka sida sawirka ka muuqata,  waxa uu logically ukala qeybiyey broadcast domain-ka uu hub-kasta leeyahay, oo haddii mid kamida computer-ada hub-ka kuxiran uu broadcast diro magaarayo hub-ka kale ee dhinaca kale uga dhan bridge-ka. Bridge sidoo kale waxa uu ogyahay meesha hub-kast uu isaga kaga xiranyahay taasoo ufududeeneesa sifudud inuu ugu kala xawilo fariimaha. Dhinackasta ee bridge-ka hubka kaga dhagan waa hal collision domain, gabi ahaanne waa hal broadcast domain.

Switch: Switch-ka waxaa layiraahdaa waa Hubk-ka oo kale balse ka godadban kana caqlibadan. Haddii aan soo qaadano isla sawirka kore balse HUB-Ka aan SWITCH kubadalno bal aan aragno waxa SWITCH-ka ugaduwan yahay Hub-ka.

Haddii aan dhahdo PC1 ayaa raba intuu Ping udiro PC3. Waxa ugu horeeya uu SWITCH-ka sameenaayo ah inuu marka hore maskaxdiisa ku duubo halka Ping-ga uu ka yimid kadibne uu meel maskaxdiisa kamid dhigto. Kow waxa uu SWITCH-ka ogaanaayo ayaa ah in PC1 uu isaga kaga xiranyahay port 1 ama godka koowaad, kadibne SWITCH-ka waxa uu sidoo kale ogaanaa Mac-address-ka PC1 markaas uu ku duubaa maskaxdiisa. PC1 Ping-ga uu diray waxa ay broadcast taasoo SWITCH-ka markuu helo uusan marka ugu horeesa garaneenin meesha PC3 kaga dhaganyahay. Si aan usii caddeeyo aan nu dhahdo PC1 ilaa PC4 waxa leeyihiin IP adress-ka 192.168.1. ilaa 192.168.1.4. Lanbarka ugu danbeeya waxa uu Ip address-ka sida 1.1 PC1 1.2 PC2 1.3 PC3 1.4 PC 4. Aan ku laabano Ping-ga PC 1 diray markii ugu horeesay oo uu “ping 192.168.1.3” diray, SWITCH-ka ne ogaaday halka PC1 ka ga dhaganyahay asiga iyo mac-address-ka PC1.

SWITCH-ka markuu intaas ogaado markaan ugu horeesa ma yaqaano PC3 halka uu yaalo, marka SWITCH-ka waxa uusameenaa waxa uu diraa broadcast message taasoo wadagaa reesa PC2,3, iyo 4. Kadib PC 2, iyo PC4 way arkaayaan fariinta laakiin maadama iyaga kusoconin way indha tiraayaan, balse PC3 ayaa kajawaabaaya broadcast-iga oo dhahaaya waa ikanaa kadibne waxa uu PC1 usoo diraa Mac-addresskiisa SWITCH-ka uu soo marinaa kadibne SWITCH-ka markaan waxa uu ogaaday halka PC1 iyo PC3 kaga dhagan yihiin isaga iyo Mac-address-kooda sidaas uu ugu duubaa maskaxdiisa. Haddii ay markale rabaan inay isla hadalaan SWITCH-ka uma baahna inuu broadcast diro balse waxa uu yaqaanaa halka midka wax soo diraaya iyo kan helaaya ay kaga dhaganyihiin sidaas uu fariinta ugu kala gudbinaa iyadoo aysan PC2 iyo PC4 aysan waxba kala socon. Sidaas ayaa looyiri SWITCH-ka uga caqlibadan yahay habka. SWITCH-ka hadda inta badan asaga ayaa loo isticmaalaa goobaha ganacsiyada iyo shirkaddaha.

ROUTER: SWITCH-ka waxaa loo isticmaalaa in computerada gudaha shirkada yaala uu midba midka kale kula xariiro. Kawaran haddii aan rabno inay computer-adaas ku xirmaan “Internet”-ka maxaa noo fududeenkara. Sida aad qiyaastay waa si computer-ada gudaha shirkada ay ula xariiraan “internet”-ka waa in SWITCH-ka kuxiran computer-ada guha aan router kusiixir naa si ay computer-ada ay isku xariiraan wixii gudaha iyagoo SWITCH-ka isticmaalaa waayo router uma baahana balse haddii ay rabaan in ay internet ka ay ku xirmaan, ama si kale aan udhaho, Haddii computerada ay dibadda uga baxaan shirkadda (Internet_-ka waxaa qasaba inaan router isticmaalno kaasoo ku xirin internet-ka kadibne uu uqeybiyo computer-ada gudhaha shirkadda ku jira. Sida sawirka hoose idinka ga muuqata.

Cables: Fiilooyinka: Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo loo adeegsado in la iskula xir xiro qalabyada networking sida routers-ka, switches-ka, computer-ada, kuwo ugu muhiimsan waa.

1. Straight-through cable: Waa midda standard-ka u ah oo loo isticmaalo in la isku la xiro computer-ada midne diraha yahay midne fariinta helaayo. Straight-through cable waxaa loo isticmaa in la iskula xiro,Switch-to-router, Hub-to-pc-ama-server, ama switch-to-pc ama server.
2. cross-over cable: Switch to switch, Switch to hub, Hub to hub, Router to router, PC to PC, Router to PC
3. rolleover cable: Fiiladaan router-ada cisco ayey qaas utahay waxaane loo isticmaalaa in router ama switch (console port)-giisa.  koow markaa router-ka aad hagaajineesid ayaa fiiladaan soo qaadanee dhinac waxaa uga xiree router-ka (console)-portigiisa, dhinaca kale computer.

Intaas waxaa ku eg casharkii basics of networking.